Unveiling interfacial dynamics of zero-dimensional bismuth-based halide perovskite emitters for electrochemiluminescence applications

Abstract

Organic–inorganic halide perovskites have emerged as a novel category of optoelectronic materials owing to their exceptional physical and chemical properties. Notably, zero-dimensional (0-D) dimethylammonium bismuth iodide (DMA₃BiI₆) perovskite is an emerging candidate for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) light-emitting applications. Herein, we design 0-D DMA₃BiI₆ perovskite emitters and provide a detailed analysis of exciton transport dynamics through temperature-dependent transient photoluminescence (TRPL) and charge transport kinetics by electrochemical ECL techniques. Efficient exciton transport has been substantiated by the reduced activation energy and enhanced electronic coupling. Based on the diffusion coefficient and electron-transfer rate through electrochemical methods, we demonstrate that effective heterogeneous charge transfer at the electrode–electrolyte interface leads to red-shifted ECL emission with the addition of the tripropylamine (TPrA) co-reactant. As a result, the creation of zero-dimensional perovskite emitters paves the way for advancements in the rapidly evolving fields of optoelectronic and biosensing technologies, including but not limited to ECL devices, ECL immunoassays, light-emitting electrochemical cells, organic light-emitting diodes, and perovskite-based light-emitting diodes.