Magnetically recoverable hybrid materials for electrochemical monitoring of hazardous contaminants: a review

Abstract

Environmental contamination due to toxic chemicals, heavy metals, and organic pollutants poses a significant threat to public health and ecosystems. Traditional methods for detecting and removing these contaminants often face limitations in sensitivity, selectivity, and efficiency. Among the different methods, electrochemical methods have taken the front seat due to various advantages over other methods. Magnetic sensors, particularly those based on magnetically recoverable nanocomposites, offer unique advantages such as high surface area, catalytic properties, and ease of separation. Integrating electrochemical techniques with these sensors allows for precise detection and efficient remediation processes. This review focuses on the advancement of magnetic sensors for the electrochemical detection and remediation of environmental contaminants. Herein, we explore recent developments in sensor design, focusing on functional materials such as magnetic nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, and conducting polymers. Various electrochemical detection methods, including amperometry, voltammetry, and impedance spectroscopy, are discussed in terms of their performance metrics, such as sensitivity, selectivity, and detection limits. Beyond detection, this review demonstrates the potential of magnetic sensors in contaminant remediation, specifically through adsorption, photocatalysis, and electrochemical degradation. Furthermore, we provide a critical assessment of the field's current challenges, including sensor stability, scalability for real-world deployment, and the development of cost-effective, sustainable solutions. Finally, this review outlines the promising prospects for this technology, underscoring the expanding role of electrochemical magnetic sensors as vital instruments in addressing environmental pollution.