A covalent organic framework/reduced graphene oxide composites-based electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of enrofloxacin

Abstract

The accurate, sensitive, and efficient detection of enrofloxacin (ENR) residues is critically important for protecting public health and ensuring environmental safety. Herein, a novel electrochemical sensing platform based on a TAPB–PDA covalent organic framework integrated with reduced graphene oxide (TAPB–PDA-COFs/RGO) for the sensitive and selective detection of ENR in aqueous environments was developed. The TAPB–PDA-COFs/RGO leverages the high surface area and ordered pore structure of COFs alongside the excellent electrical conductivity of RGO, resulting in enhanced electrochemical performance. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited a wide linear detection range (0.01–150 µmol L⁻¹), a low detection limit (0.028 µmol L⁻¹), and high selectivity even in the presence of structurally similar fluoroquinolones. The sensor also demonstrated good stability and reproducibility. When applied to spiked tap water samples, the platform achieved satisfactory recoveries of 84.1–99.7% and outperformed the conventional HPLC method at low ENR concentrations. These results highlighted the potential of the TAPB–PDA-COFs/RGO composite as a promising tool for environmental monitoring of antibiotic residues.