Multi-functionalized biologically active isatin-tagged dihydropyrimidine derivatives: green synthesis by the use of recyclable Fe-dopped Ce-oxide nanoparticles, computational studies and ex vivo cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells

Abstract

A new class of compounds was designed and synthesised using a molecular hybridisation technique based on the dihydropyridine, isatin, triazole, thiazole, benzothiazole, and glucose scaffolds. The alkyne derivatives of dihydropyridine were synthesised by using reusable Fe-doped Ce-oxide nanoparticles via a three-component Biginelli reaction. The substances were then tested for their cytotoxic effects on two human breast tumour cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, as well as non-cancerous breast epithelial cell lines (i.e., HEK293). The primary objective was to synthesise the more efficient breast cancer cell inhibitory molecules, which contain multiple scaffolds, and to investigate their potential as anti-breast cancer cell inhibitory therapeutic agents. Notably, compound-6, 7 and 14a exhibited remarkable anti-cancer activity against two prominent breast-cancer cell-lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The IC₅₀ values of the compounds 6, 7, and 14a against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231breast cancer cell lines were found to be the lowest. The successful synthesis of these dihyropyrimidines using an environmentally friendly approach emphasises the significance of sustainable and eco-friendly methodologies in pharmaceutical research.