Multifunctional solar-driven interfacial evaporation system for simultaneous clean water production and high-value-added ion extraction

Abstract

The utilization of solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) technology for clean water production has rapidly expanded, driven by global clean water scarcity and the energy crisis. Recent developments have demonstrated that combining SIE technology with the ion extraction process enables the effective use of abundant sunlight to economically and sustainably harvest high-value minerals from the ocean while simultaneously producing clean water. This synergy not only maximizes resource recovery but also enhances the ecological and economic benefits of solar energy utilization. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the materials and methodologies used in designing multifunctional SIE systems for simultaneous clean water production and high-value ion extraction. The design rationale behind these multifunctional SIE systems, along with various ion extraction strategies and mechanisms, has been thoroughly discussed, identifying both the prevailing challenges and the potential research opportunities in this evolving field. This review aims to highlight the significant potential of SIE technology not only in enhancing clean water availability but also in contributing to sustainable energy and resource management.