Issue 32, 2024

Ratiometric strategy assisted electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol in water samples using nanostructured CuO

Abstract

Copper oxide has been synthesized using the co-precipitation method and employed as a modifier for the electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water samples. The reason for choosing CuO stems from the presence of two different oxidation states, which has been confirmed through XPS analysis. The ratio between the CuO (Cu1+ to Cu2+) oxidation peak and 4-NP oxidation one has been used as the ratiometric signal for the determination of 4-NP. Electrochemical parameters such as the rate constant (ks) have been calculated using the Laviron equation. The ratiometric approach exhibited a wide linear range (20 μM to 180 μM) four times higher than the routine 4-NP reduction approach. The wide linear range detection for the ratiometric strategy observed might arise from the interaction between CuO and 4-NP. Ex situ (DRS-UV and FT-IR) analysis of CuO/GCE dipped in 4-NP confirms the interaction. The ratiometric strategy for the sensing of 4-NP exhibited a LOD of 118 nM, which is much lower compared to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) MRL limit of 4-NP (430 nM) in drinking water. In addition to this, the ratiometric strategy exhibited better anti-interference ability in the presence of various organic molecules. Finally, the proposed CuO/GCE was applied for the determination of 4-NP in different environmental water samples, and the results were highly satisfactory with recovery values of 95% to 103%. The proposed ratiometric strategy for electrochemical sensing of 4-NP is promising in terms of analytical aspects and can be developed as a commercial electrode for the quantification of 4-NP.

Graphical abstract: Ratiometric strategy assisted electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol in water samples using nanostructured CuO

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
24 May 2024
Accepted
04 Jul 2024
First published
17 Jul 2024

J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024,12, 12458-12467

Ratiometric strategy assisted electrochemical detection of 4-nitrophenol in water samples using nanostructured CuO

S. Prakasam, D. K. Latha Chellamuthu, G. Krishnan and S. Chinnathambi, J. Mater. Chem. C, 2024, 12, 12458 DOI: 10.1039/D4TC02144D

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