An enhanced non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor based on the Bi2S3–TiO2 nanocomposite with HNTs for the individual and simultaneous detection of 4-nitrophenol and nitrofurantoin in environmental samples

Abstract

In the current era of rapid population growth, there has been an increase in resource consumption and the subsequent release of organic pollutants into water bodies by various industries. To address this issue, we have developed a nanocomposite material, Bi₂S₃–TiO₂/HNTs, for electrochemical sensors capable of simultaneously detecting nitrofurantoin (NFT) and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) contaminants. The nanocomposite material was synthesized using a novel one-pot sol–gel method, and its structural morphology was characterized using techniques such as FE-SEM, FT-IR, HR-TEM, and XRD. The electrochemical sensor exhibited a remarkably low limit of detection (3.2 nM for NFT and 3.5 nM for 4-NP) and a wide concentration range from 0 μM to 260 μM for both NFT and 4-NP, demonstrating their high sensitivity and accuracy for pollutant detection, and furthermore its potential for real-world application was assessed considering pond and tap water as real samples.