Issue 13, 2024

Recent advances in nanotechnology for programmed death ligand 1-targeted cancer theranostics

Abstract

Programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy has provided a unique and potent weapon against cancer in clinical practice. The likelihood of achieving beneficial effects from PD-L1/PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy is clinically assessed by detecting PD-L1 expression through invasive tissue biopsies. However, PD-L1 expression is susceptible to tumor heterogeneity and dynamic response to ICB therapy. Moreover, currently, anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy still faces challenges of the low targeting efficiency of antibody drugs and the risk of immune-associated adverse events. To overcome these issues, advanced nanotechnology has been developed for the purpose of quantitative, non-invasive, and dynamic analyses of PD-L1, and to enhance the efficiency of ICB therapy. In this review, we first introduce the nanoprobe-assisted in vitro/in vivo modalities for the selective and sensitive analysis of PD-L1 during the diagnostic and therapeutic process. On the other hand, the feasibility of fabricating diverse functional nanocarriers as smart delivery systems for precisely targeted delivery of PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors and combined therapies is highlighted. Finally, the current challenges are discussed and future perspectives for PD-L1-targeted cancer theranostics in preclinical research and clinical settings are proposed.

Graphical abstract: Recent advances in nanotechnology for programmed death ligand 1-targeted cancer theranostics

Article information

Article type
Review Article
Submitted
24 Nov 2023
Accepted
02 Mar 2024
First published
05 Mar 2024

J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024,12, 3191-3208

Recent advances in nanotechnology for programmed death ligand 1-targeted cancer theranostics

X. Gao, K. Cao, J. Yang, L. Liu and L. Gao, J. Mater. Chem. B, 2024, 12, 3191 DOI: 10.1039/D3TB02787B

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