Issue 5, 2024

Upcycling of low value end-of-life cathode material into next generation cathode materials

Abstract

The increase in the use of electric vehicles (EVs) will ultimately lead to an increase in the number of end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that need to be recycled. A particular challenge concerns how to deal with low value cathodes, such as LiMn2O4 (LMO). To this end, this paper investigates recycling cathode material from an end-of-life Gen 1 Nissan Leaf (2011 model, 40 000 miles) which contains a mixture of spinel (LMO) and a Ni-rich layered oxide (LO). Citric acid was employed to selectively leach LMO into solution while leaving the remaining LO as a solid. The citric acid also acts as a delamination agent to remove the remaining LO from the Al current collector. The LMO was then recovered from solution and upcycled to form new cathode materials. Ni-doping of the solution allowed the synthesis of the high voltage cathode LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LMNO) which is attracting commercial interest. Disordered rocksalt compounds Li4Mn2O5 and Li2MnO2.25F were also synthesised and gave high specific discharge capacities of 293 and 279 mA h g−1 respectively. This proof of concept work demonstrates a method to upcycle end-of-life cathode material into next generation cathode materials.

Graphical abstract: Upcycling of low value end-of-life cathode material into next generation cathode materials

Supplementary files

Article information

Article type
Paper
Submitted
25 Jan 2024
Accepted
28 Mar 2024
First published
02 Apr 2024
This article is Open Access
Creative Commons BY license

RSC Sustain., 2024,2, 1408-1417

Upcycling of low value end-of-life cathode material into next generation cathode materials

R. Madge, A. Jarvis, W. Lima da Silva, L. L. Driscoll, P. A. Anderson and P. R. Slater, RSC Sustain., 2024, 2, 1408 DOI: 10.1039/D4SU00041B

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. You can use material from this article in other publications without requesting further permissions from the RSC, provided that the correct acknowledgement is given.

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