The key role of chirality and peripheral substitution in the columnar organization of bowl-shaped subphthalocyanines

Abstract

The columnar arrangement of bowl-shaped aromatics is a promising strategy for producing high-performing semiconductors. However, the structural factors that dictate the self-assembly of these molecules remain poorly understood. Herein, we show how chirality and peripheral substitution affect the columnar assembly of subphthalocyanines (SubPcs) in solution. Both aspects are found to influence the structure, stability, and formation mechanism of the supramolecular polymer obtained. Whereas enantiopure tri-substituted SubPcs cooperatively polymerize into homochiral head-to-tail arrays, racemic mixtures socially self-sort, leading to heterochiral columnar polymers. In sharp contrast, hexa-substituted SubPcs polymerize following an isodesmic mechanism, producing highly robust columnar systems. As elucidated by molecular dynamics calculations, the conformational flexibility of these SubPcs, as well as the number of peripheral groups able to intermolecularly interact, underlie these significant differences. The results presented herein pave the way for the realistic application of bowl-shaped π-compounds.