A novel magnetic nanoparticle as an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction

Abstract

Heterogeneous palladium catalysts are widely used in catalytic hydrogenation, oxidation, reduction, and coupling reactions due to their good stability, recyclability, and reusability. Based on the palladium ion fluorescent probe, a novel magnetically recyclable heterogeneous palladium catalyst Fe₃O₄@FSM@Pd was constructed and characterized, which is highly efficient and reusable for the Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The subsequent series of Maitlis' filtration test, catalyst concentration–yield kinetic experiments, and phase trajectory experiments further demonstrated that Fe₃O₄@FSM@Pd catalyzed through a heterogeneous mechanism under selected reaction conditions. In addition, Fe₃O₄@FSM@Pd was applied to catalyze the synthesis of five intermediates of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs): valsartan, sonidegib, erdafitinib, tubulin inhibitor, and lumacaftor. Importantly, the palladium residue in the API intermediates synthesized with Fe₃O₄@FSM@Pd as catalyst was less than 1 ppm. Furthermore, Fe₃O₄@FSM@Pd is stable and can be reused at least 5 times without losing activity.