Improving the optical properties of magnesium spinel chromites through Ni and Cu substitutions for optoelectronic applications

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the optoelectronic performance of magnesium spinel chromites with nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) substitutions. Using the sol–gel method, we synthesized two spinel chromites: Mg_0.6Ni_0.4Cr₂O₄ (MNCO) and Mg_0.6Cu_0.4Cr₂O₄ (MCCO). We extensively characterized these samples to analyze their thermal, structural, elastic, and optical properties. Structural analysis reveals good agreement between the calculated and refined structural parameters, which supports the proposed cation distributions for the samples. By calculating stiffness constants from force constants, we derived elastic moduli such as bulk modulus, longitudinal modulus, and rigidity modulus. MCCO exhibited lower values for these moduli, as well as the Debye temperature, compared to MNCO. Both samples displayed a brittle mechanical nature according to the Pugh ratio, while the Poisson ratio remained constant at 0.25, indicating isotropic elasticity. UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy revealed that MNCO has higher band-gap (E_g) and Urbach (E_u) energies than MCCO. Further analysis of refractive index, penetration depth, extinction coefficients, nonlinear optical parameters, optical conductivity, and optical dielectric constants highlighted the promising optoelectronic applications of the synthesized materials. Our study found that the band-gap energy values of the as-synthesized samples were smaller than reported values for MgCr₂O₄ spinel chromites, indicating that Ni and Cu substitutions offer an opportunity to extend the sunlight absorption range of magnesium chromites.