Enhanced efficiency of photocatalytically synthesised Co3+/Co2+-incorporated CeO2/SnO2 nanocomposite and supercapacitor studies

Abstract

The photochemical reduction approach, distilled H₂O with PrⁱOH as the solvent medium, was used to create and characterise the conversion of Co³⁺ to Co²⁺ integrated on CeO₂/SnO₂. The PXRD, IR, SEM, HR-TEM, VSM, and XPS results show that the materials generated have appropriate crystallisation form and retain the hollow spherical structure of Co–CeO₂/SnO₂. The performance of several UV-light energetic photocatalysts and the reaction pathways for inorganic complex degradation are addressed, emphasising the main elements contributing to their mineralisation. Reaction mechanisms, identification and quantification of degradation intermediates, and effects of reactive active species were described and analysed for each modelled target inorganic pollutant category. The ternary (Co³⁺/Co²⁺)/CeO₂/SnO₂ materials were hypothesised to improve the photocatalytic activity by increasing the transport rate of e_CB⁻ impurities as a result of accelerating the practical separation of electron–hole (e⁻/h⁺) pairs. Then, it exhibits high cycling stability by successfully reducing the pulverisation of Co–CeO₂/SnO₂ electrode materials due to volume expansion and a high specific capacity of 827 F g⁻¹(1 A g⁻¹) while maintaining a high current density of 5 A g⁻¹. GCD and impedance spectroscopy studies were also carried out to analyse charge–discharge cycles and sample stability. This exceptional electrochemical performance suggests that Co–CeO₂/SnO₂ are promising for high-performance energy storage systems.