Clay based heterogeneous catalysts for carbon–nitrogen bond formation: a review

Abstract

Clay and modified clay-based catalysts are widely used in organic transformation. Owing to the interlayer ions and good ion exchange capacity of clay, replacement with another ion and incorporation of different nanomaterials can be done. Due to these significant properties of clay, it can be utilized in the synthesis of various organic compounds. Carbon–nitrogen bonded compounds possess diverse applications in different fields. These compounds are prepared using different solid acid heterogeneous catalysts. This review presents a detailed discussion on clay used for the carbon–nitrogen bond formation reaction, such as the Biginelli reaction and A³ and KA² coupling reactions. Additionally, other C–N bond formation reactions using various clay-based catalysts such as bentonite, montmorillonite, hydrotalcite and halloysite clay with various metals, metal oxides, Kegging type heteropoly acid and various nanomaterial incorporated clay heterogeneous catalysts are discussed.