Effect of synthesis methods on the activity of NiO/Co3O4 as an electrode material for supercapacitor: in the light of X-ray diffraction study

Abstract

The formation of heterostructures by combining individual components (NiO and Co₃O₄) is a preferred approach to enhance electrochemical performance as it leads to improved charge transfer and surface reaction kinetics. In the present work, a NiO/Co₃O₄ composite was prepared by two methods. First, neat NiO and Co₃O₄ were prepared by adopting the hydrothermal method followed by the formation of the composite (i) by a hydrothermal route (NC-Hydro) and (ii) by a calcination route (NC-Cal). NC-Hydro composite shows a specific capacity of 176 C g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ of current density in the three-electrode system in a 2 M KOH solution as an electrolyte with 90% cyclic retention after 5000 cycles at 4 A g⁻¹. NC-Cal shows a specific capacity of 111 C g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ with 75% cyclic retention. The coulombic efficiency of NC-Hydro was 86.3% while for NC-Cal it was 42.3%. The reason behind the superior electrochemical performance of NC-Hydro in comparison to NC-Cal may be the large interlayer spacing and lattice parameters of the former, which provide large space for redox reactions. The unit cell volume of the composites was more than that of the constituents. This study reveals that the composites prepared by the hydrothermal method have superior electrochemical properties in comparison to composites prepared by the calcination method.