Removal of bromophenol blue from polluted water using a novel azo-functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent

Abstract

Water pollution from organic dyes poses a serious danger to the environment. In the present work, we report a novel adsorbent (ADFS) based on azo-dye-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for the removal of the anionic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) from contaminated water. The fabricated SPIONs, azo dye, and ADFS adsorbent were characterized with FTIR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, ¹HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, SEM imaging, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. DLS measurements showed a particle size of 46.1 and 176.5 nm for the SPIONs and the ADFS, respectively. The adsorbent exhibited an adsorption capacity of 7.43 mg g⁻¹ and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (r² = 0.9981). The ADFS could efficiently remove BPB from water after stirring for 120 minutes at room temperature and pH 2. The adsorption process was proved to occur via physisorption, as revealed by the Freundlich isotherm (n = 1.82 and K_F = 11.5). Thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption is spontaneous (−8.03 ≤ ΔG ≤ −0.58 kJ mol⁻¹) and enthalpy-driven might take place via van der Waals interactions and/or hydrogen bonding (ΔH = −82.19 kJ mol⁻¹ and ΔS = −0.24 kJ mol⁻¹ K⁻¹).