Unveiling microplastics pollution in Alaskan waters and snow

Abstract

While microplastics (MPs) are globally prevalent in marine environments, extending to the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions, the extent and distribution of MPs in terrestrial waters, drinking water sources, and recreational water in these areas remain unknown. This field study establishes a baseline for MPs in surface water sources, including lakes, rivers, and creeks, as well as in snow across three geo-locations (i.e., Far North, Interior, and Southcentral) in Alaska. Results (mean ± SE) show that the highest MP counts exist in snow (681 ± 45 L⁻¹), followed by lakes (361 ± 76 L⁻¹), creeks (377 ± 88 L⁻¹), and rivers (359 ± 106 L⁻¹). The smallest MPs (i.e., 90.6 ± 4 μm) also happened to have occurred in snow, followed by their larger sizes in lakes (203.9 ± 65 μm), creeks (382.8 ± 136.5 μm), and rivers (455.4 ± 212 μm). The physical morphology of MPs varies widely. MP fragments are predominant (i.e., nearly 62–74%) in these sites, while MP fibers (nearly 13–21%), pellets (nearly 13–18%), and films (<6%) also exist in appreciable quantities. Geolocation-wise, the Far North, where MPs were collected from off-road locations, shows the highest MP counts (695 ± 58 L⁻¹), compared to Interior (473 ± 64 L⁻¹) and Southcentral (447 ± 62 L⁻¹) Alaska. Results also indicate that the occurrence of MPs in the source waters and snow decreases with increasing distance from the nearest coastlines and towns or communities. These baseline observations of MPs in terrestrial waters and precipitation across Alaska indicate MP pollution even in less-explored environments. This can be seen as a cause for concern with regard to MP exposure and risks in the region and beyond.