Deriving multi-metal nanomaterials on metal–organic framework platforms for oxygen electrocatalysis

Abstract

Multi-metal nanomaterials derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have garnered significant attention across diverse applications, encompassing catalysis, sensors, energy storage and conversion, as well as environmental remediation. In contrast to their monometallic counterparts, the incorporation of foreign metals is anticipated to introduce novel physicochemical properties, thereby manifesting synergistic effects for enhanced performance. Demonstrating their efficacy as a robust platform, MOFs facilitate the fabrication of polymetallic nanomaterials endowed with essential features. This review comprehensively summarizes various design strategies employed in the construction of multi-metallic nanomaterials from MOFs, marking the comprehensive compilation. These strategies encompass a multi-metallic occupied metal node strategy, post-synthetic ion-exchange strategy, multi-step seed-mediated growth method, guest species encapsulation strategy, and multi-metal diffusion strategy. Subsequently, the review delves into recent advancements in multi-metallic nanomaterials specifically applied in oxygen-related electrocatalytic processes, including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and bifunctional effect for metal–air batteries. The discussion provides a systematic exploration of the notable progress in this realm. In conclusion, the review offers a perspective on future trends and challenges, inspiring insights that foster a deeper understanding and innovative perspectives for the continued development of multi-metal nanomaterials derived from MOFs.