Uranyl uptake into metal–organic frameworks: a detailed X-ray structural analysis

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOF) are a subclass of porous framework materials that have been used for a wide variety of applications in sensing, catalysis, and remediation. Among these myriad applications is their remarkable ability to capture substances in a variety of environments ranging from benign to extreme. Among the most common and problematic substances found throughout the world's oceans and water supplies is [UO₂]²⁺, a common mobile ion of uranium, which is found both naturally and as a result of anthropogenic activities, leading to problematic environmental contamination. While some MOFs possess high capability for the uptake of [UO₂]²⁺, many more of the thousands of MOFs and their modifications that have been produced over the years have yet to be studied for their ability to uptake [UO₂]²⁺. However, studying the thousands of MOFs and their modifications presents an incredibly difficult task. As such, a way to narrow down the numbers seems imperative. Herein, we evaluate the binding behaviors as well as identify the specific binding sites of [UO₂]²⁺ incorporated into six different Zr MOFs to elucidate specific features that improve [UO₂]²⁺ uptake. In doing so, we also present a method for the determination and verification of these binding sites by Anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray fluorescence, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. This research not only presents a way for future research into the uptake of [UO₂]²⁺ into MOFs to be conducted but also a means to evaluate MOFs more generally for the uptake of other compounds to be applied for environmental remediation and improvement of ecosystems globally.