β-Carboline-based light and pH dual stimuli-responsive ion transporters induce cancer cell death

Abstract

Light and pH dual-responsive ion transporters offer better applicability for cancer due to higher tunability and low cytotoxicity. Herein, we demonstrate the development of pH-responsive β-carboline-based ionophores and photocleavable-linker appended β-carboline-based proionophores to facilitate the controlled transport of Cl⁻ across membranes, leading to apoptotic and autophagic cancer cell death.