4-(Triethoxysilyl)butanoic acid as a self-assembled monolayer for surface modification of titanium dioxide

Abstract

In this study, the carboxy silane 4-(triethoxysilyl)butanoic acid (TESBA) was used to modify titanium dioxide (TiO₂) to create a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and then directionally immobilize a capture antibody using protein A. We selected the amino silane (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) to perform a comparative analysis with TESBA, and employed glutaraldehyde (GA) as the control. The modification and detection effects and the limit of detection (LOD) were evaluated by detecting human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The average normalized sensitivity of the dual-grating coupler waveguide biosensor was 49.63 ± 0.27 RIU⁻¹ and the optimum resolution was 1.30 × 10⁻⁶ RIU. When the SAM was prepared using TESBA and APTES followed by GA, the LOD was 4.59 × 10⁻⁷ g mL⁻¹ and 5.29 × 10⁻⁷ g mL⁻¹, respectively. We analyzed the modification and detection effects by the t-test and concluded that the differences in the modification effects using TESBA and APTES followed by GA were significant and the differences in the detection effects using TESBA and APTES followed by GA were insignificant. The use of TESBA as the SAM led to the modification effect being superior to that obtained using APTES followed by GA. The detection effect using TESBA was as outstanding as that using APTES followed by GA. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of using TESBA as the SAM to carboxylate the surface of TiO₂, thereby enabling immobilization of biomolecules for human IgG detection.