A red-emitting thiophene-modified BODIPY probe for fluorescence lifetime-based polarity imaging of lipid droplets in living cells

Abstract

Intracellular polarity in lipid droplets as well as other organelles may provide useful knowledge about various processes taking place in live cells. Therefore, small fluorophores capable of visualising polarity are undergoing rapid development. In this paper, we report new red-emitting polarity sensitive BODIPY probes that can distinguish between liquid-ordered and liquid-disordered phases and can internalise into lipid droplets of live cells. Our reported probes sense lipid environment not through solvatochromic shift of the fluorescence spectra but through the change in the fluorescence lifetime of their monoexponential decays. This makes them convenient for fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. The probes were synthesised by modifying viscosity-sensitive meso-phenyl BODIPY with electron-donating 2-thienyl moieties at the α- and β-positions, significantly red-shifting absorption and fluorescence spectra of the dyes and improving sensitivity to polarity, while suppressing viscosity dependence. Finally, a novel probe – BP OC₁₆ TP2 was suitable for sensing polarity in lipid droplets of live MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that different chemotherapeutics affected lipid droplet polarity differently: cisplatin had no effect on lipid droplet polarity, whereas paclitaxel, depending on its concentration, either decreased or increased lipid droplet polarity.