In situ surface-trap passivation of CuBi2O4 photocathodes for unbiased solar water splitting

Abstract

Passivating surface traps plays a crucial role in mitigating the efficiency loss of solar water-splitting electrodes. However, the associated surface-trap passivation approaches require the introduction of an overlayer, complicating the fabrication process and increasing the capital cost of photoelectrodes. Herein, using CuBi₂O₄ as a prototype, an in situ surface-trap passivation strategy is developed, which yields a beneficial 90 mV anodic shift in hydrogen-evolution onset. Detailed mechanism investigations prove that the intentionally added Mg²⁺ ions in the precursor gradually segregate as MgO and enrich at the grain boundaries/surface of the CuBi₂O₄ multicrystalline, porous film during annealing, via which surface traps stemming from dangling bonds are spontaneously passivated; measurements of photovoltage generation characteristics and carrier lifetime validate the favorable roles of the MgO passivator in CuBi₂O₄ photocathodes. A bias-free water-splitting device is assembled using MgO-passivated CuBi₂O₄ and Mo-doped BiVO₄ as the photocathode and photoanode respectively in a tandem configuration, delivering a solar-to-hydrogen conversion efficiency of approximately 0.41%.