Bioorthogonal dissociative rhenium(i) photosensitisers for controlled immunogenic cell death induction

Abstract

Photosensitisers for photoimmunotherapy with high spatiotemporal controllability are rare. In this work, we designed rhenium(I) polypyridine complexes modified with a tetrazine unit via a bioorthogonally activatable carbamate linker as bioorthogonally dissociative photosensitisers for the controlled induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD). The complexes displayed increased emission intensities and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) generation efficiencies upon reaction with trans-cyclooct-4-enol (TCO-OH) due to the separation of the quenching tetrazine unit from the rhenium(I) polypyridine core. One of the complexes containing a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) group exhibited negligible dark cytotoxicity but showed greatly enhanced (photo)cytotoxic activity towards TCO-OH-pretreated cells upon light irradiation. The reason is that TCO-OH allowed the synergistic release of the more cytotoxic rhenium(I) aminomethylpyridine complex and increased ¹O₂ generation. Importantly, the treatment induced a cascade of events, including lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy suppression and ICD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the very first example of using bioorthogonal dissociation reactions as a trigger to realise photoinduced ICD, opening up new avenues for the development of innovative photoimmunotherapeutic agents.