Isoacridone dyes with parallel reactivity from both singlet and triplet excited states for biphotonic catalysis and upconversion

Abstract

Metal-based photosensitizers commonly undergo quantitative intersystem crossing into photoactive triplet excited states. In contrast, organic photosensitizers often feature weak spin–orbit coupling and low intersystem crossing efficiencies, leading to photoactive singlet excited states. By modifying the well-known acridinium dyes, we obtained a new family of organic photocatalysts, the isoacridones, in which both singlet- and triplet-excited states are simultaneously photoactive. These new isoacridone dyes are synthetically readily accessible and show intersystem crossing efficiencies of up to 52%, forming microsecond-lived triplet excited states (T₁), storing approximately 1.9 eV of energy. Their photoactive singlet excited states (S₁) populated in parallel have only nanosecond lifetimes, but store ∼0.4 eV more energy and act as strong oxidants. Consequently, the new isoacridone dyes are well suited for applications requiring parallel triplet–triplet energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer elementary steps, which have become increasingly important in modern photocatalysis. In proof-of-principle experiments, the isoacridone dyes were employed for Birch-type arene reductions and C–C couplings via sensitization-initiated electron transfer, substituting the commonly used iridium or ruthenium based photocatalysts. Further, in combination with a pyrene-based annihilator, sensitized triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion was achieved in an all-organic system, where the upconversion quantum yield correlated with the intersystem crossing quantum yield of the photosensitizer. This work seems relevant in the greater contexts of developing new applications that utilize biphotonic photophysical and photochemical behavior within metal-free systems.