Fabrication of bio-inspired metal-based superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic porous materials by hydrothermal treatment and magnetron sputtering

Abstract

Oil–water separation using porous superhydrophilic materials is a promising method to circumvent the issue of oil-polluted water by separating water from oil–water mixtures. However, fabricating metal-based porous superhydrophilic materials with stable superhydrophilicity that can recover their strong hydrophilicity and have acceptable oil–water separation efficiency without complex external stimuli is still a challenge. Inspired by the anti-wetting behavior of broccoli buds, this study successfully fabricated metal-based superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic porous materials by hydrothermal treatment of stainless steel meshes (SSMs) combined with magnetron sputtering of metallic Ti and W. The process was then followed with annealing at 300 °C for 4 hours. The effects of coating materials, annealing temperature, and surface structure on the wetting behavior of the prepared meshes were studied and analyzed. The modified meshes exhibited unique broccoli-like microstructures coated with thin TiO_2−xN_x/WO₃ films and showed superhydrophilicity with a 0° water contact angle (WCA) and underwater superoleophobicity with underwater oil contact angles (UOCAs) higher than 155°. They also maintained strong hydrophilicity for more than three weeks with WCAs of less than 13°. Besides, they could recover their initial superhydrophilicity with a 0° WCA after post-annealing at 80 °C for 30 minutes. Notably, the broccoli-like structures and the strong hydrophilic coatings contributed to a significant water flow rate (Q) of 3650 L m⁻² h⁻¹ and satisfactory oil–water separation efficiency of 98% for more than 15 separation cycles toward various oil–water mixtures. We believe that the presented method and fabricated material are promising and can be applied to induce hydrophilicity of various metallic materials for practical applications of oil–water separation, anti-fouling, microfluidic transport, and water harvesting.