Heteroleptic copper(i) complexes bearing functionalized 1H-pyrazole-bipyridine ligands: synthesis, photophysical properties, crystal structures, and applications in halogen sensing

Abstract

A series of new heteroleptic copper(I) complexes [Cu(N^N)(P^P)][BF₄] (1–6), where N^N is a pyrazole-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine (5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine (5-pzbpy, L¹), 4,4′-di(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine (4,4′-pz₂bpy, L²), 5,5′-di(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-2,2′-bipyridine (5,5′-pz₂bpy, L³), and 3,8-di(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1,10-phenanthroline (3,8-pz₂phen, L⁴)) and P^P is either oxybis(2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphane) (POP) or 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane (dppp), were successfully prepared and investigated. The crystal structures of 1, 2, 3 and 6 were determined by single X-ray diffraction. The novel copper(I) complexes 1, 2 and 3 show turn-on emission sensing for halogen ions. The fluorescence enhancement of the copper(I) complexes increases in the order of F⁻ < I⁻ < Br⁻ < Cl⁻, and the differences in fluorescence intensity could be easily distinguished with the naked eye under UV light illumination. The ¹H NMR titration indicated that the interaction involves hydrogen-bond formation between the halide (Cl⁻, Br⁻ and I⁻) and the acidic H of the pyrazole group, with N–H deprotonation occurring at increasing F⁻ concentrations. The result was further confirmed by carrying out theoretical calculations.