Carboxamide functionality grafted entangled Co(ii) framework as a unique hydrogen-bond-donor catalyst in solvent-free tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation with pore-fitting-mediated size-selectivity

Abstract

Concerning environmentally benign catalysis with reduced chemical usage, less energy consumption, and waste minimization, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with spatially isolated task-specific functionalities not only execute atom-economic important reactions but also enable size-exclusive catalysis at the interface of structure–function synergy. Herein, we synthesized a bipillar-layer Co(II) MOF from the dicarboxylate ligand and carboxamide moiety grafted pyridyl linker. The framework contains a [Co₂(COO)₄N₄] secondary building unit (SBU) and shows excellent hydrolytic stability due to ample non-covalent interactions among the highly conjugated aromatic struts. Notably, the carboxamide functionalities remain free and are perfectly positioned throughout the one-dimensional channels of the framework, wherein three-fold interpenetration of the structure largely increases their density along the pore wall. Benefiting from these structural features, the activated MOF acts as an unprecedented organocatalyst in tandem deacetalization-Knoevenagel condensation towards electronically assorted substrates that were additionally characterized using single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Importantly, the reaction occurs under solvent-free mild conditions, and high catalyst reusability is recorded. In this one-pot cascade reaction, substrates with molecular dimensions larger than that of the three-fold interpenetration generated optimized pore-aperture undergo insignificant conversion, and therefore a rare molecular-dimension-induced size-selectivity is demonstrated. The catalytic route is detailed based on a battery of control experiments, including juxtaposing the performance of an isostructural MOF without any linker functionalization. Compared to the common Lewis acid mediated route, the results explicitly corroborate the first-ever substrate activation via hydrogen bonding to prepare coumarin derivatives via a tandem pathway, and shed light on this futuristic unconventional catalysis using contemporary materials and avoiding major operative glitches.