Evaluation of triphenylene-based MOF ultrathin films for lithium batteries

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive candidates to meet the requirement of next-generation batteries, as functional materials with a high surface area, well-defined metal centers, and organic linkers through coordination bonds. Due to their great tunability, MOFs have been investigated as electrodes or electrolytes in lithium batteries and more recently as protective layers in anode-less batteries. Here, we synthesize a Ni₃(HHTP)₂ MOF directly at the air–liquid interface of a Langmuir trough and grow the electrode on a conductive substrate by the transference process. The characterization during Langmuir film formation shows that the addition of crystallization time during the compression process enhances the formation of 2D crystalline domains, as observed by in situ grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction. Next, the transferred Ni₃(HHTP)₂ ultrathin films were studied as working electrodes in Li batteries in a half-cell configuration and compared with bare copper. The results show that the Ni₃(HHTP)₂ film protects the Cu collector from oxidation, and the negative charge accumulates in the organic ligand during the lithiation process while Ni^II oxidizes to Ni^III, unlike other triphenylene-based MOFs with Cu^II or Co^II metal nodes. The galvanostatic plating–stripping cycles of the batteries show that the inclusion of the crystallization time improves the coulombic efficiency, especially significantly in the first cycles when the SEI is formed. This work shows the Langmuir technique as a useful tool to test MOF based materials for batteries with the advantages of using a low amount of raw materials and without the need to introduce additives (binder and electron conductor) in the electrodes. The electrochemical study of this type of electrode allows a first screening to synthesize electrodes based on MOFs and can be a tool for the preparation of protective coatings under optimized conditions.