Five-membered N-heterocyclic beryllium(i) compounds: fluctuating electronic structures with ambiphilic reactivity

Abstract

The structure, bonding, and reactivity of the five-membered N-heterocyclic beryllium compounds (NHBe), BeN₂C₂H₄ (1) and BeN₂(CH₃)₂C₂H₂ (2) were studied at the M06/def2-TZVPP//BP86/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The molecular orbital analysis indicates that NHBe is an aromatic 6π-electron system with an unoccupied σ-type spⁿ-hybrid orbital on Be. Energy decomposition analysis combined with natural orbitals for chemical valence has been carried out with Be and L (L = N₂C₂H₄ (1), N₂(CH₃)₂C₂H₂ (2)) in their different electronic states as fragments at the BP86/TZ2P level of theory. The results indicate that the best bonding representation can be considered as an interaction between Be⁺ having the 2s⁰2p_x¹2p_y⁰2p_z⁰ electronic configuration and L⁻. Accordingly, L⁻ forms two donor–acceptor σ-bonds and one electron sharing π-bond with Be⁺. Compounds 1 and 2 show high proton and hydride affinity at beryllium, indicating its ambiphilic reactivity. The protonated structure results from adding a proton on the lone pair of electrons in the doubly excited state. On the other hand, the hydride adduct is formed by donating electrons from the hydride to an unoccupied σ-type spⁿ-hybrid orbital on Be. These compounds show very high exothermic reaction energy for adduct formation with two electron donor ligands such as cAAC, CO, NHC, and PMe₃.