Accurate selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry quantification of ethylene oxide contamination in the presence of acetaldehyde

Abstract

In September 2020, traces of ethylene oxide (a toxic substance used as a pesticide in developing countries but banned for use on food items within the European Union) were found in foodstuffs containing ingredients derived from imported sesame seed products. Vast numbers of foodstuffs were recalled across Europe due to this contamination, leading to expensive market losses and extensive trace exposure of ethylene oxide to consumers. Therefore, a rapid analysis method is needed to ensure food safety by high-throughput screening for ethylene oxide contamination. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is a suitable method for rapid quantification of trace amounts of vapours in the headspace of food samples. It turns out, however, that the presence of acetaldehyde complicates SIFT-MS analyses of its isomer ethylene oxide. It was proposed that a combination of the H₃O⁺ and NO⁺ reagent ions can be used to analyse ethylene oxide in the presence of acetaldehyde. This method is, however, not robust because of the product ion overlaps and potential interferences from other matrix species. Thus, we studied the kinetics of the reactions of the H₃O⁺, NO⁺, OH⁻ and O⁻˙ ions with these two compounds and obtained their rate coefficients and product ion branching ratios. Interpretation of these experimental data revealed that the OH⁻ anions are the most suitable SIFT-MS reagents because the product ions of their reactions with acetaldehyde (CH₂CHO⁻ at m/z 43) and ethylene oxide (C₂H₃O₂⁻ at m/z 59) do not overlap.