Highly reversible zinc metal anodes enabled by protonated melamine

Abstract

Zinc anodes have been troubled with serious side reactions and uncontrollable dendrite growth, which is attributed to the unstable electrical double layer (EDL) structure. Herein, a nitrogen-based organic compound named melamine (Mel) is introduced for the first time into 2 M ZnSO₄ solution for stabilizing the Zn anode. It is found that protonated Mel (MelH⁺) is the predominant species in the ZnSO₄ electrolyte instead of Mel itself. In the presence of MelH⁺, a stable EDL structure is obtained near the Zn anode surface, which inhibits side reactions between the electrolyte and the Zn anode. In addition, the positively charged MelH⁺ can regulate the diffusion of Zn²⁺ ions, thus inducing uniform Zn deposition. Consequently, the Mel/ZnSO₄ electrolyte enables Zn|Zn symmetrical cells to exhibit an ultralong cycle life of 3000 hours and Zn|Cu half-cells to deliver a high average coulombic efficiency (CE) of 99.7% for 1200 cycles (1200 hours). Moreover, excellent performance is also demonstrated in Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitors (ZHSs) using activated carbon cloth as a cathode.