Polydiacetylene-based sensors for food applications

Abstract

Polydiacetylene (PDA) sensors have been developed as food management tools due to their convenient colorimetric signal, low cost, versatility, and ability to be incorporated into food packaging materials and devices. In this review, we discuss methods of PDA sensor fabrication, their use as food quality and food contaminant sensors, and their incorporation into materials and devices. We highlight PDA quality monitoring sensors for meat, milk, fruits, and beverages, and contaminant detection systems for pathogens, antibiotics, pesticides, and heavy metals. We evaluate different PDA sensor formats for food applications including solution-based tests and substrate-based sensors, such as hydrogels and films. Finally, we discuss our perspective on the challenges and opportunities for PDA food sensors to provide inspiration and direction for future research.