Heteroconjugates of quercetin with 4′-O-sulfate selectively accumulate in rat plasma due to limited urinary excretion

Abstract

Quercetin and methylquercetin are present in a variety of sulfate and glucuronide conjugates in the plasma of quercetin-fed rats and humans. Quercetin conjugates exhibit various physiological activities, depending on the type and position of conjugation. However, little is known regarding the type and position of isomers of quercetin conjugates in the plasma, their accumulation in the liver and kidneys, and their excretion via urine. Using authentic standards of quercetin conjugates and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) analysis, we identified and quantified various quercetin conjugates in blood plasma, urine, liver, and kidney tissues 1, 4, and 10 h after orally administering 33.1 μmol kg⁻¹ quercetin glucosides to rats. The profiles of quercetin conjugates were largely different among plasma, urine, liver, and kidneys. Very limited heteroconjugates (7-O-glucuronide-4′-O-sulfate) of quercetin and methylquercetin dominated in the plasma, but these heteroconjugates were much less excreted via urine and did not largely accumulate in the liver and kidneys. Heteroconjugates constituting sulfates other than 4′ position sulfate, 7-O-glucuronide-3′-O-sulfate, 4′-O-glucuronide-7-O-sulfate, and 3′-O-glucuronide-7-O-sulfate were major metabolites in urine, but were minimally detected in the plasma. We also found that mono-sulfate conjugates were abundant in the liver and renal tissues. These results suggest that excretion of quercetin conjugates, especially heteroconjugates, into urine is highly selective. The heteroconjugates with 4′-O-sulfate may be scarcely excreted via urine, and thus accumulate in the blood plasma. Further research is necessary to evaluate the physiological effects of heteroconjugates accumulated in the plasma.