Recent advances and perspectives in aqueous potassium-ion batteries

Abstract

Aqueous potassium-ion batteries (AKIBs), utilizing fast diffusion kinetics of K⁺ and abundant electrode resources, are an emerging technology offering high power density and low cost. Many efforts have been made by far to enhance the electrochemical performances of AKIBs, and some encouraging milestones have been achieved. To provide a deep understanding of the progress, challenges, and opportunities of the emerging AKIBs, the recent advances in both cathode and anode materials, and electrolytes of the AKIB systems are comprehensively summarized and discussed. Additionally, the research efforts on the optimization of electrode material properties, the revealing of the reaction mechanism, the design of electrolytes, and the full cell fabrication for AKIBs are highlighted. Finally, insights into opportunities and future directions for achieving high-performance AKIBs and their applications are proposed.