A fire-retarding electrolyte using triethyl phosphate as a solvent for sodium-ion batteries

Abstract

We introduce a fire-retarding phosphate-based electrolyte, 1 M NaBF₄ in triethyl phosphate with 3% vinylene carbonate as an SEI-forming additive, for sodium-ion batteries. With this electrolyte formulation, we achieved stable cycling performance with a capacity of 80.5 mA h g⁻¹ and a retention of 77.8% after 200 cycles in the Na-ion full cell of Na_3.2V_1.8Zn_0.2(PO₄)₃vs. hard carbon.