A new metric to control nucleation and grain size distribution in hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites by tuning the dielectric constant of the antisolvent

Abstract

In perovskite research, there is a widely exploited but poorly explained phenomenon in which the addition of “antisolvents (ATS)” to precursor solutions results in higher-quality films. We explain the mechanism and driving force underlying an antisolvent-driven solvent extraction process. Density functional theory calculations uncover the defining effects of antisolvent choice on the extent of complexation between a lead salt and a methylammonium cation in solution. We experimentally validate the computational results using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and ²⁰⁷Pb nuclear magnetic spectroscopy of methylammonium lead iodide solutions, containing both a processing solvent and an antisolvent. Furthermore, we uncover, and subsequently identify, the appearance of new species in solution as a result of the addition of the antisolvent. We observe that the choice of antisolvent has a substantial effect on the nature of the complexation of the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) precursor species, whose origin we explain at an atomic level; specifically, the lower the dielectric of the antisolvent, the stronger the intermolecular binding energy between methylammonium cation (MA⁺) cation and PbI₃⁻ plumbate, independent of the solvent or antisolvent interaction with the lead salt. Thin films were characterized using scanning electron microscopy; images of the films show how the addition of an antisolvent influences and, importantly, can be used to alter thin-film grain size. Grain size and distribution in thin films is reflected by the choice of antisolvent, promoting slower nucleation rates, a lower nucleation density, and hence larger final grain size.