Efficient removal of bisphenol pollutants on imine-based covalent organic frameworks: adsorption behavior and mechanism

Abstract

The extensive use of bisphenol analogues in industry has aggravated the contamination of the water environment, and how to effectively remove them has become a research hotspot. This study presents two imine-based covalent organic frameworks with different pore sizes (COFs) [TAPB (1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene)-Dva (2,5-divinylterephthaldehyde)-PDA (terephthalaldehyde) (COF-1), and TAPB (1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene)-Dva (2,5-divinylterephthaldehyde)-BPDA (biphenyl dialdehyde) (COF-2)], which have achieved the efficient adsorption of bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol A (BPA). The maximum adsorption capacity of COF-2 for BPS and BPA obtained from Langmuir isotherms were calculated as 200.00 mg g⁻¹ and 149.25 mg g⁻¹. Both hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions might have been responsible for the adsorption of BPS and BPA on the COFs, where the high adsorption capacity of COFs was due to their unique pore dimensions and structures. Different types of pharmaceutical adsorption studies indicated that COF-2 exhibited a higher adsorption performance for different types of pharmaceuticals than COF-1, and the adsorption capacity was ranked as follows: bisphenol pharmaceuticals > anti-inflammatory pharmaceuticals > sulfa pharmaceuticals. These results confirmed that COFs with larger pore sizes were more conducive to the adsorption of pollutants with smaller molecular dimensions. Moreover, COF-1 and COF-2 possessed excellent pH stability and recyclability, which suggested strong potential applications for these novel adsorbents in the remediation of organic pollutants in natural waterways and aqueous ecosystems.