A ferroelastic molecular rotor crystal showing inverse temperature symmetry breaking

Abstract

Functional dynamic molecular crystals have drawn increasing interest in exploring next-generation flexible and smart materials. Molecular rotors, as a typical type of dynamic material, are good candidates that can exhibit bulk properties and functionalities. Herein, we report a molecular rotor crystal as a model system to show a unique structural phase transition-related ferroelasticity. The molecular rotor is dumbbell shaped containing a freely rotating axial rotator and multiple peripheral tert-butyl groups on the two plates with restricted motions. The crystal undergoes a ferroelastic structural phase transition at 263 K with unconventional inverse temperature symmetry breaking (ITSB), i.e., a higher-symmetric low-temperature paraelectric phase (point group mmm) vs. a lower-symmetric high-temperature ferroelastic phase (point group 2/m). Combined crystallographic and NMR spectroscopy studies reveal that unequal motions of the peripheral tert-butyl rotators and anisotropic steric repulsion among the molecules are the key cooperative intermolecular interactions to drive a concerted molecular movement to result in the unique ferroelastic phase transition with ITSB. Our study may open avenues for designing and exploring new types of dynamic functional materials.