KLa(0.95−x)GdxF4:Eu3+ hexagonal phase nanoparticles as luminescent probes for in vitro Huh-7 cancer cell imaging

Abstract

A facile chemical route is reported for synthesizing red-emitting photoluminescent/MRI multi-functional KLa_(0.95−x)Gd_xF₄:Eu³⁺ (x = 0 to 0.4) bio-compatible nanomaterials for targeted in vitro tumor imaging. Hexagonal phase pure nanoparticles show a significant and systematic change in morphology with enhanced photoluminescence due to the substitution of La³⁺ with Gd³⁺ ions. Single phase β-KLa_(0.95−x)Gd_xF₄:Eu³⁺ exhibits multifunctional properties, both intense red emission and strong paramagnetism for high-contrast bioimaging applications. These silica capped magnetic/luminescent nanoparticles show long-term colloidal stability, optical transparency in water, strong red emission, and low cytotoxicity. The cellular uptake of coated nanoparticles was investigated in liver cancer cell line Huh-7. Our findings suggest that these nanoparticles can serve as highly luminescent imaging probes for in vitro applications with potential for in vivo and live cell imaging applications.