Retracted Article: Validation of chemometric-assisted single-drop microextraction based on sustainable solvents to analyze polyaromatic hydrocarbons in water samples

Abstract

Chemometric and statistic approaches were applied to optimize and validate headspace-single drop microextraction-based deep eutectic solvents combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The proposed technique was used for the pre-concentration, separation, and detection of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples. The efficacy of the independent variables on the extraction efficiency was studied via chemometric methods in two steps. The method exhibits good linearity for the analytes (R² ≥ 0.9989). Under optimal conditions, the analytical signal was linear in the range of 0.01–50 μg L⁻¹. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were evaluated in the concentration range of 0.003–0.012 and 0.009–0.049 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The precision consisting of repeatability and reproducibility were assessed by estimating the relative standard deviation (RSD%), and their values were found to be lower than 7.1% and 11.7%, respectively. Consequently, the proposed procedure was used to extract and analyze 19 polyaromatic hydrocarbons in real aqueous samples, which demonstrated satisfactory recoveries (94.40–105.98%).