Cyano-bridged perovskite [(CH3)3NOH]2[KM(CN)6], [M: Fe(iii), and Co(iii)] for high-temperature multi-axial ferroelectric applications with enhanced thermal and nonlinear optical performance

Abstract

Highly stable ferroelectrics with reversible high-temperature phase transitions and switchable nonlinear optical behaviour are much coveted targets for emerging optoelectronic applications. Here, we demonstrate a cyano-bridged perovskite [(CH₃)₃NOH]₂[KCo(CN)₆] (TMAO-Co), a new analogue of the multi-axial ferroelectric [(CH₃)₃NOH]₂[KFe(CN)₆] (TMAO-Fe) with improved thermal stability and enhanced second-order nonlinear optical response. Indeed, for TMAO-Co the Curie temperature (T_c) is shifted to a higher value of ca. 416 K (improvement by ca. 10 K versusTMAO-Fe); the separation between T_c and the decomposition threshold is 46 K. TMAO-Co is a biaxial ferroelectric as revealed by P(E) hysteresis loop measurements along the a and c crystallographic directions with spontaneous polarization values of 0.9 and 0.63 μC cm⁻² at 293 K, respectively. The SHG response of TMAO-Co is two times higher than that of TMAO-Fe. The improved stability of TMAO-Co to thermal and optical loads allowed for demonstration of bistable switching of nonlinear optical response between SHG-on and SHG-off states by temperature sweeping. Structurally, TMAO-Co reproduces the unusual characteristics of TMAO-Fe, i.e. the first-order phase transition between (polar) monoclinic to (nonpolar) cubic phases involving bond switching and is assisted by the pronounced increase of disorder of the TMAO cations above T_c. Combined temperature-resolved Raman and infrared spectroscopic measurements were employed to track the symmetry increase above T_c, which is primarily associated with changes in hydrogen-bonding. Consistent with the bond-switching character of the phase transitions, a pronounced shift to higher wavenumbers is observed for the O–H stretching modes. The DFT calculations demonstrate that the system's polarization along the a-axis mostly comes from the rotation of the [(CH₃)₃NOH]₂ cluster, while the atomic displacement of the framework contributes largely to that along the c axis.