Soyasaponins A1 and A2 exert anti-atherosclerotic functionalities by decreasing hypercholesterolemia and inflammation in high fat diet (HFD)-fed ApoE−/− mice

Abstract

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease causing coronary heart attacks and strokes. Soyasaponins (SS), the phytochemicals naturally existing in soybeans and their products, have been shown to reduce hypercholesterolemia and inflammation, which are intimately related to the genesis and development of atherosclerosis. However, the anti-atherosclerotic functionality of soyasaponins remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the supplementation of two types of soyasaponin monomers (A₁ and A₂) on atherosclerotic plaque formation, serum lipid profiles, and inflammation in ApoE gene knockout (ApoE^−/−) mice. Sixty 5-week-old ApoE^−/− male mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and intervened by SS_A1 and SS_A2 (10 and 20 μmol per kg BW, respectively) or simvastatin (10 μmol per kg BW) for 24 weeks. The atherosclerotic lesions in the aorta, aortic root, and innominate artery, lipid profile and inflammatory markers in serum, and TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling in arterial tissues were determined. SS_A1 and SS_A2 decreased the plaque ratio in the aortic root and innominate artery but not in the entire aorta. In serum, SS_A1 reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C but increased HDL-C; SS_A2 decreased TC, TG, and LDL-C but did not affect HDL-C. Meanwhile, SS_A1 increased TG, SS_A2 increased TC, and both of them increased bile acids in the feces. SS_A1 and SS_A2 lowered TNF-α, MCP-1, and hs-crp in serum. Furthermore, SS_A1 and SS_A2 reduced the TLR4 and MyD88 expressions in the aorta and innominate artery and inhibited NF-κB p65 and IκBα phosphorylation in the aorta. These results suggest that SS_A1 and SS_A2 exert anti-atherosclerotic functionalities by decreasing hypercholesterolemia and inflammation in HFD-fed ApoE^−/− mice.