Boosting the oxygen evolution reaction using defect-rich ultra-thin ruthenium oxide nanosheets in acidic media

Abstract

Developing low cost and highly active catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an acidic medium is urgently indispensable for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Herein, we have prepared ultra-thin RuO₂ nanosheets (RuO₂ NSs) using a simple molten salt method. The as-prepared RuO₂ NSs with a thickness of 1–2 nm possess abundant defects. Toward the OER, the RuO₂ NSs achieve an extremely low overpotential of 199 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm_geo⁻² with a loading of 125 μg cm_geo⁻². Furthermore, the RuO₂ NSs exhibit specific and mass activities of up to 0.89 mA cm_oxide⁻² and 0.52 A mg_Ru⁻¹ at 1.46 V vs. RHE, which are 14.9 and 80.6 times enhanced in specific and mass activity as compared to the commercial RuO₂ nanoparticles, respectively. In a homemade PEMWE, with RuO₂ NSs as the OER catalyst, the electrolyzer achieves a current density of 0.93 A cm⁻² at a cell voltage of 1.65 V without iR drop correction, which is 3 times larger than that of the commercial RuO₂ catalyst (0.31 A cm⁻²). Density functional theory calculations indicate that the Ru vacancy on the RuO₂ NS surfaces significantly weakens the binding energy of O* with respect to that of OOH*, which decreases the energy cost in the transformation from O* to OOH*, and thus dramatically enhances the OER performance. The unique defect-rich structure and outstanding performance demonstrate that the RuO₂ NSs possess great potential for developing high-performance PEMWEs.