d-Glucose sensor based on ZnO·V2O5 NRs by an enzyme-free electrochemical approach

Abstract

A simple wet-chemical technique was used to prepare zinc oxide-doped vanadium pentaoxide nanorods (ZnO·V₂O₅ NRs) in an alkaline environment. The synthesized ZnO·V₂O₅ NRs were characterized using typical methods, including UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). The D-glucose (D-GLC) sensor was fabricated with modification of a slight coating of nanorods (NRs) onto a flat glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The analytical performances, such as the sensitivity, limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of detection (LOD), linear dynamic range (LDR), and durability, of the proposed D-GLC sensor were acquired by a dependable current–voltage (I–V) process. A calibration curve of the GCE/ZnO·V₂O₅ NRs/Nf sensor was plotted at +1.0 V over a broad range of D-GLC concentrations (100.0 pM–100.0 mM) and found to be linear (R² = 0.6974). The sensitivity (1.27 × 10⁻³ μA μM⁻¹ cm⁻²), LOQ (417.5 mM), and LOD (125 250 μM) were calculated from the calibration curve. The LDR (1.0 μM–1000 μM) was derived from the calibration plot and was also found to be linear (R² = 0.9492). The preparation of ZnO·V₂O₅ NRs by a wet-chemical technique is a good advancement for the expansion of nanomaterial-based sensors to support enzyme-free sensing of biomolecules in healthcare fields. This fabricated GCE/ZnO·V₂O₅ NRs/Nf sensor was used for the recognition of D-glucose in real samples (apple juice, human serum, and urine) and returned satisfactory and rational outcomes.