On-surface condensation of low-dimensional benzotriazole–copper assemblies

Abstract

The reactivity of benzotriazole with copper on a gold surface has been studied by a combination of surface sensitive methods with support from DFT (density functional theory) calculations. For some time benzotriazole has been known to enhance the corrosion resistance of copper at the monolayer level, although the exact mechanism is still a matter of discussion and disagreement in the literature. A single crystal Au(111) surface allows evaluation of the interaction of weakly physisorbed, intact benzotriazole molecules with copper atoms dosed to sub-monolayer amounts. These interactions have been characterised, in the temperature range ca. 300–650 K, by scanning tunnelling microscopy, high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray photoemission spectroscopy and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies. Supporting DFT calculations considered the stability of isolated, gas-phase, benzotriazole/Cu species and their corresponding spectroscopic signature at the N K absorption edge. In agreement with previous investigations, benzotriazole physisorbs on a clean Au(111) surface at room temperature forming a hydrogen-bonded network of flat-lying BTAH molecules, relatively weakly bonded to the underlying gold surface. However, in the presence of co-adsorbed copper atoms, proton removal from the molecules leads to species better described as BTA⁻ interacting directly with Cu atoms. In these situations the molecules adopt a more upright orientation and Cu(BTA)₂ and –[Cu(BTA)]_n– species are formed, depending on temperature and coverage of the adsorbed species. These species are stable to relatively high temperatures, 550–600 K.