How the sustainable solvent water unleashes the photoredox catalytic potential of ruthenium polypyridyl complexes for pinacol couplings

Abstract

By complementing laser flash photolysis with product studies in visible-LED driven syntheses, we show that the one-electron reduced forms OER of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and its more reactive derivative with 4,4′-dimethylated ligands exhibit a reductive power greater by 0.2 eV in water than in acetonitrile; and that this difference allows the reduction of carbonyl compounds, and thus pinacol couplings, in aqueous medium via ruthenium-based photoredox catalysis as an alternative to using more expensive and less photostable higher-energy complexes (e.g., of iridium). Ascorbate serves as sacrificial donor to access OER. SDS micelles or cyclodextrins as carriers help overcome solubility problems of less hydrophilic substrates, and more reactive water-soluble substrates can even be coupled at neutral pH, such that the mild conditions make the process fully sustainable.