Application of a novel electromembrane extraction and microextraction method followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine biogenic amines in canned fish

Abstract

Electromembrane extraction (EME) and μ-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (μ-DLLME) have been applied in the simultaneous determination of biogenic amines (tyramine, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine) in canned fish samples. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed as a powerful analytical technique. The affecting parameters in the extraction of biogenic amines from sample tissue were identified and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). The calibration curve of the proposed method was linear in the range of 1–1000 ng g⁻¹ with the correlation coefficient (R²) higher than 0.9990. The relative standard deviations were between 5.2 and 7.7% (n = 6). The limits of detection were 0.03, 0.11, 0.06 and 0.29 ng g⁻¹ for putrescine, tyramine, histamine and cadaverine, respectively. The relative recoveries in spiked samples at concentrations of 10, 50 and 100 ng g⁻¹ were obtained between 82 and 99%. For real samples, putrescine with 57.36 ng g⁻¹ had the highest concentration and tyramine with 2.64 ng g⁻¹ had the lowest amount of BAs. ∑4BAs have been detected for each sample in the range 3.72–53.19 ng g⁻¹. The enhanced sensitivity of the proposed method is significant due to the suitable removal of sample matrix interferences. High recovery, good enrichment factor, fast and low volume consumption of organic solvent are the other advantages of this technique. The results show that the proposed method is an accurate and reliable sample-pretreatment method for determining the amount of biogenic amines in various canned fish samples, which has the potential for application in determining BAs in other food samples.