Pyrolytic behavior of a zero-valent iron biochar composite and its Cu(ii) removal mechanism

Abstract

The reduction behavior of Fe³⁺ during the preparation of a zero-valent iron cocoanut biochar (ZBC8-3) by the carbothermic reduction method was analyzed. Fe³⁺ was first converted into Fe₃O₄, which was subsequently decomposed into FeO, and finally reduced to Fe⁰. A minor amount of γ-Fe₂O₃ was produced in the process. The isothermal thermodynamic data for the removal of Cu(II) over ZBC8-3 followed a Langmuir model. The Langmuir equation revealed a maximum removal capacity of 169.49 mg g⁻¹ at pH = 5 for ZBC8-3. The removal of Cu(II) over ZBC8-3 fitted well to a pseudo-first-order equation, which suggested that the rate limiting step of the process was diffusion. The Cu(II) removal mechanism on ZBC8-3 involved the reduction of Cu(II) by Fe⁰ to produce Cu⁰ and Cu₂O, while CC, C–O–, and –O–H formed a complex with Cu(II).