A two step hydrothermal process to prepare carbon spheres from bamboo for construction of core–shell non-metallic photocatalysts

Abstract

This work reports the direct transformation of the biomass of bamboo into carbon spheres by two step hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 180–200 °C. Such carbon spheres have potential applications as electrode materials with excellent electrical conductivity and high chemical stability. The biochar spheres (BS) were modified via protonation of g-C₃N₄ to form non-metallic photocatalysts with a unique core–shell architecture. In the BS@g-C₃N₄ core–shell photocatalysts, the protonated g-C₃N₄ sheets were the main photocatalyst and the biochar spheres acted both as a reservoir and a sensitizer, and displayed outstanding light absorption in nearly the entire wavelength range, due to the narrower gap of the sp² carbon cluster and large amounts of carbon clusters. Conversion of raw biomass into stable carbon materials under relatively mild conditions offers a promising route to overcoming the challenges in obtaining biochar materials with precisely controlled morphology. Building a green non-metallic photocatalyst is an environmentally friendly embodiment of this.